BBN3402SATU2020: MINGGU5 JADUAL EDITED
MINGGU 5 – TERJEMAHAN JADUAL
NURUL FARISYA SYADIRA
BINTI NORAZIZAN NURHANI
HASYA BINTI SHAHRIZAN
196269
197773
TEORI ANALISIS WACANA
KRITIS (VANDIJK, 1977)
|
Struktur Makro Makna global daripada suatu teks yang dapat diamati daripada topik/tema suatu
teks |
|
Superstruktur Kerangka suatu teks seperti bahagian pendahuluan, isi, penutup dan kesimpulan |
|
Struktur Mikro Makna lokal daripada suatu teks yang dapat diamati Daripada pilihan kata,kalimat dan gaya yang dipakai oleh suatu
teks |
Rajah 1: Teori Analisis
Wacana Kritis oleh vanDijk (1977)
CRITICAL DISCOURSE
ANALYSIS THEORY (VANDIJK, 1977)
|
Macro Structure The global meaning of a text that can be observed from the
topic / theme of a text |
|
Superstructure Frame a text such as advances,contents, covers and conclusions |
|
Micro Structure The meaning of the locality of a text can be identified From
the choice of words, phrases and styles worn by a text. |
Figure 1: Critical
Discourse Analysis Theory by vanDijk (1977)
CRITICAL DISCOURSE
ANALYSIS THEORY (VANDIJK, 1977)
|
Macro Structure The global meaning of a text that can be observed from the
topic / theme of a text |
|
Superstructure Frame |
|
Micro Structure The meaning of the locality of a text can be identified From
the choice of words, phrases and |
Figure 1: Critical
Discourse Analysis Theory by vanDijk (1977)
CRITICAL DISCOURSE ANALYSIS THEORY (VANDIJK, 1977)
|
Macro Structure The global meaning
of a text that can be observed from the topic / theme of a text |
|
Superstructure Frame of a text such
as introduction part, body and
conclusions |
|
Micro Structure The meaning of the
locality of a text can be identified From the choice of words, phrases and a
language style used by a text. |
Figure 1: Critical Discourse Analysis Theory by vanDijk
(1977)
|
|
Teori Analisis Wacana Kritis
(Fairclough, 1995) |
|
|
Analisis Tekstual |
Analisis Wacana
Praktis |
Analisis Praktis
Sosial |
|
Tatabahasa · Tema Leksikal · Metafora Kohesi · Pengulangan · Konjunsi |
· Intertektualiti · Pra-andaian · Metawacana · Penafian · Interdiskusi · Naratif · Perbahasan · Ekspositori · Luahan (expressive) |
Ekonomi Pendidikan Politik |
Rajah 2: Teori Analisis
Wacana Kritis oleh Fairclough (1995)
|
|
Critical Discourse Analysis
Theory (Fairclough, 1995) |
|
|
Textual
Analysis |
Practical
Discourse Analysis |
Practical
Social Analysis |
|
Grammar · Theme Lexical · Metaphor Cohesion · Repetition · Conjunctions |
Intertectuality •
Pre-assumptions • Metawacana • Disclaimer Interdiscussion • Narrative • Debate •
Expositories • Expressive |
Economics Education Politics |
Figure 2: Theory of Critical
Discourse Analysis by Fairclough (1995)
|
|
Critical Discourse Analysis Theory
(Fairclough, 1995) |
|
|
Textual
Analysis |
Practical
Discourse Analysis |
Practical
Social Analysis |
|
Grammar · Theme Lexical · Metaphor Cohesion · Repetition · Conjunctions |
Intertectuality •
Pre-assumptions • Metawacana • Disclaimer Interdiscussion • Narrative • Debate •
Expositories • Expressive |
Economics Education Politics |
Figure 2: Theory of
Critical Discourse Analysis by Fairclough (1995)
|
|
Critical Discourse Analysis Theory (Fairclough, 1995) |
|
|
Textual Analysis |
Practical Discourse Analysis |
Practical Social Analysis |
|
Grammar ·
Theme Lexical ·
Metaphor Cohesion ·
Repetition ·
Conjunctions |
Intertectuality • Pre-assumptions • Metawacana • Disclaimer Interdiscussion • Narrative • Debate • Expositories • Expressive |
Economics Education Politics |
Figure 2: Theory of Critical Discourse Analysis by
Fairclough (1995)
|
STRATEGI |
KESOPANAN |
|
Bald on-record Contoh: Bersedia! Dengar sini…. Berikan saya
bakul besar itu. Lampu itu
berwarna hijau. Jemput masuk. Jemput makan. |
Kesopanan Positif Contoh: Kamu
Nampak sugul. Boleh saya tolong? Boleh saya pinjam
seratus ringgit? Saya ikut kamu ke
hospital, jika kamu tidak keberatan. |
|
Kesopanan Negatif Mungkin dia yang
mengambil kotak itu, mungkin! Tolong berikan
saya pinggan putih itu. Kalau begitu,
sedikit arahan tidak diperlukan? Membuang botol
kosong merata-rata tidak dibenarkan. |
Off-record Wah, semakin
sejuk dalam bilik ini. Mahal betul harga
kasut di sini. Cantik baju kamu. |
Rajah 3: Strategi Kesopanan
oleh Brown & Levinson (1987)
|
DECISION |
STRATEGY |
|
Bald
on-record Example: Ready! Listen…. Give me that
big basket. The light is
green. Please come
in. Invite to
eat. |
Kesopanan Positif Example: You
look sad. Can I help? Can I borrow
a hundred ringgit? I'll take you
to the hospital, if you don't mind. |
|
Negative politeness Maybe he took
the box, maybe! Please give
me the white plate. If so, a
little instruction is not needed? Throwing
empty bottles everywhere is not allowed. |
Off-record Wow, it's
getting cold in this room. The price of
shoes here is really expensive. Your clothes
are beautiful. |
Figure 3: Politeness
Strategies by Brown & Levinson (1987)
|
DECISION |
STRATEGY |
|
Bald
on-record Example: Ready!
Give me that
big basket. The light is Please come
in.
|
Kesopanan Positif Example: You
look sad. Can I help? Can I borrow I'll |
|
Negative politeness Maybe he took
the box, maybe! Please give
me the white plate. If Throwing
empty bottles everywhere is not allowed. |
Off-record Wow, it's
getting cold in this room. The price of
shoes here is really expensive. Your clothes
are beautiful. |
Figure 3: Politeness
Strategies by Brown & Levinson (1987)
|
DECISION |
STRATEGY |
|
Bald on-record Example: Ready! Listen here…. Give me that big basket. The light is green color. Please come in. Have some food. |
Kesopanan Positif Example: You look sad. Can I help? Can I borrow one hundred ringgit? I'll follow you to the hospital, if you don't
mind. |
|
Negative politeness Maybe he took the box, maybe! Please give me the white plate. If that so, a little instruction is not needed? Throwing empty bottles everywhere is not allowed.
|
Off-record Wow, it's getting cold in this room. The price of shoes here is really expensive. Your clothes are beautiful. |
Figure 3: Politeness Strategies by Brown & Levinson
(1987)
|
|
Pendekatan Analisis (Normaliza Abd |
Wacana Rahim, 2018b) |
|
|
|
PRA-ANDAIAN 1. Intuisi 2. Konteks · Penerimaan/Penafian · Keperluan · Perujukan · Anafora · Pengulangan · Kekaburan · Penegasan |
EMOSI 1. Positif 2. Negatif 3. Emosi
Bercampur · Perangai · Personaliti · Mood · Motivasi |
NILAI DAN BUDAYA 1. Diri 2. Masyarakat 3. Adat · Jujur, ikhlas, baik hati, kasih
sayang, kerajinan, kesyukuran, kesederhanaan · Berdikari, hemah
tinggi,keberanian, kebersihan fizikal dan mental, kesantunan · Hormat menghormati, kerjasama,
semangat bermasyarakat · Keadilan, kebebasan, rasional |
BAHASA 1. Bahasa pertama/kedua/ketiga 2. Formal/tidak
formal 3. Kesalahan
bahasa 4. Linguistik |
INFERENS 1. Rumusan
keseluruhan 2. Rumusan topic 3. Penutup kata |
Rajah 4: Pendekatan
Analisis Wacana Normaliza Abd Rahim (2018b)
|
|
Discourse Analysis (Normaliza Abd |
Approach Rahim, 2018b) |
|
|
|
PRE-CONCEPT 1. Intuition 2. Context • Acceptance
/ Disclaimer •
Requirements • References • Anaphora • Repetition • Ambiguity • Emphasis |
EMOTION 1. Positive 2. Negative 3. Mixed
Emotions • Behavior • Personality • Mood • Motivation |
VALUES AND
CULTURE 1. Self 2. Society 3. Custom • Honest,
sincere, kind, loving, crafty, grateful, simple •
Self-reliance, high self-esteem, courage, physical and mental hygiene,
politeness • Respect,
cooperation, community spirit • Justice,
freedom, rationality |
LANGUAGE 1. Language first /
second / third 2. Formal /
informal 3. Language
errors 4.
Linguistics |
INFERENCE 1. Overall
summary 2. Topic
formulation 3. Closing
words |
Figure 4: Discourse
Analysis Approach Normaliza Abd Rahim (2018b)
|
|
Discourse Analysis (Normaliza Abd |
Approach Rahim, 2018b) |
|
|
|
PRE- 1. Intuition 2. Context • Acceptance
/ Disclaimer •
Requirements • References • Anaphora • Repetition • Ambiguity • Emphasis |
EMOTION 1. Positive 2. Negative 3. Mixed
Emotions • Behavior • Personality • Mood •Motivation |
VALUES AND
CULTURE 1. Self 2. Society 3. Custom • Honest,
sincere, kind, loving, •
Self-reliance, high self-esteem, courage, physical and mental hygiene,
politeness • Respect,
cooperation, community spirit • Justice,
freedom, rationality |
LANGUAGE 1.
2. Formal /
informal 3. Language
errors 4.
Linguistics |
INFERENCE 1. Overall summary 2. 3. Closing
words |
Figure 4: Discourse
Analysis Approach Normaliza Abd Rahim (2018b)
|
|
Discourse Analysis
(Normaliza
Abd |
Approach Rahim, 2018b) |
|
|
|
PRE-ASSUMPTION 1. Intuition 2. Context • Acceptance / Disclaimer • Requirements • References • Anaphora • Repetition • Ambiguity • Emphasis |
EMOTION 1. Positive 2. Negative 3. Mixed Emotions • Behavior • Personality • Mood •Motivation |
VALUES AND CULTURE 1. Self 2. Society 3. Custom • Honest, sincere, kind, loving, hardworking,
grateful, simplicity • Self-reliance, high self-esteem, courage,
physical and mental hygiene, politeness • Respect, cooperation, community spirit • Justice, freedom, rationality |
LANGUAGE 1. First language / second / third 2. Formal / informal 3. Language errors 4. Linguistics |
INFERENCE 1. Overall summary 2. Discussion topic summary 3. Closing words |
Figure 4: Discourse Analysis Approach Normaliza Abd Rahim
(2018b)
|
Teori Analisis Wacana (Normaliza
Abd Rahim, 2018d) |
||
|
Kandungan 1. Tema |
Konteks 1. Tatabahasa 2. Latar 3. Emosi |
Andaian 1. Pendapat 2. Perujukan 3. Persoalan |
Rajah 5: Teori Analisis
Wacana
|
Discourse Analysis Theory
(Normaliza Abd Rahim, 2018d) |
||
|
Content 1. Theme |
Context 1. Grammar 2. Background 3. Emotions |
Assumptions 1. Opinion 2. References 3. Problems |
Figure 5: Theory of Discourse Analysis
|
Discourse Analysis Theory
(Normaliza Abd Rahim, 2018d) |
||
|
Content 1. Theme |
Context 1. Grammar 2. Background 3. Emotions |
Assumptions 1. Opinion 2. References 3. Problems |
Figure 5: Theory of Discourse Analysis
|
Discourse Analysis Theory (Normaliza Abd Rahim, 2018d) |
||
|
Content 1. Theme |
Context 1. Grammar 2. Background 3. Emotions |
Assumptions 1. Opinion 2. References 3. Problems |
Figure 5: Theory of Discourse Analysis
Jadual 2: Konteks dalam Model
Penceritaan Nilai Sosial Melalui Cerita Kanak-kanak
Judul Tatabahasa Latar Emosi
Keluarga
Penggunaan kata dan ayat yang Rumah ibu dan Gembira, rindu,
mudah dan sesuai untuk
semua bapa
termasuk
kanak-kanak istimewa
Diri Penggunaan kata dan ayat yang Dalam dan luar Gembira
mudah dan sesuai untuk
semua rumah, sekolah
termasuk
kanak-kanak istimewa
Saya yang Penggunaan
kata dan ayat yang Dalam atau luar Hiba, sedih.
Istimewa mudah
dan sesuai untuk semua rumah simpati
termasuk
kanak-kanak istimewa
Saya
Tahu Penggunaan kata dan ayat yang Dalam atau luar Hiba, sedih,
mudah dan sesuai untuk
semua rumah simpati
termasuk
kanak-kanak istimewa
Saya Penggunaan kata dan ayat yang Rumah, sekolah Gembira,
Faham mudah dan sesuai untuk semua ataupun di simpati, ambil
termasuk
kanak-kanak istimewa tempat awam berat
Table 2: Context in Social
Values Storytelling Model Through Children’s Stories
Tittle Grammar Background Emotion
Family
Use of words and sentences Mother’s house and
Happy, longing
simple and suitable for all Father
including special children
Self Use
of words and sentences Inside
and outside Happy
simple
and suitable for all the
house, school
including special
children
I’m a Use
of words and sentences Inside
and outside Hiba, sad,
Special
one simple and suitable for all the house, school Sympathy
including special
children
I know Use of words and sentences Inside and outside Hiba, sad,
simple and suitable for all the house, school sympathy
including special children
I Use
of words and sentences House,
school, Happy,
Understand simple and suitable for all or public place sympathy,
including special children care
Table 2: Context in Social
Values Storytelling Model Through Children’s Stories
Tittle Grammar Background Emotion
Family
Use of words and sentences Mother’s house and
Happy, missedlonging
simple and suitable for all Father
including special children
Self Use
of words and sentences Inside
and outside Happy
simple
and suitable for all the
house, school
including special
children
I’m a Use
of words and sentences Inside and
outside Feeling downHiba,
sad,
Special
one simple and suitable for all the house, school Sympathy
including special
children
I know Use of words and sentences Inside and outside Feeling downHiba,
sad,
simple and suitable for all the house, school sympathy
including special children
I Use
of words and sentences House,
school, Happy,
Understand simple and suitable for all or public place sympathy,
including special children care
Table 2: Context in Social Values Storytelling Model
Through Children’s Stories
Tittle Grammar Background Emotion
Family Use of words and sentences Mother’s house and Happy, missed
simple and suitable for all Father
including special children
Self Use of words
and sentences Inside and outside Happy
simple and suitable for all the house, school
including special children
I’m a Use of words and
sentences Inside and outside Feeling down, sad,
Special one simple and suitable for all the house, school Sympathy
including special
children
I know Use of words and
sentences Inside and outside Feeling down, sad,
simple and suitable for
all the house, school sympathy
including special
children
I Use of words
and sentences House,
school, Happy,
Understand simple and suitable
for all or public place sympathy,
including special
children care
Jadual 3: Kandungan dalam Cerita Sosial
Judul
Teks Tema Sampel/ Bahan Jenis
Nenek dan Datuk
Cerita Kekeluargaan Nenek, datuk, ibu, bapa, Penceritaan
pendek Imran,
Madinah, Aisyah,
Alim
Saya yang Cerita Kekeluargaan Nenek, datuk, ibu, bapa, Penceritaan
Istimewa
pendek Imran,
Madinah, Aisyah,
Alim
Keluarga Cerita Kekeluargaan Ibu, bapa, Imran, Madinah, Penceritaan
pendek Aisyah, Alim
Hati Cerita Kekeluargaan Ibu, cikgu, Alim,rakan- Penceritaan
Pendek rakan
Jiran Cerita Kekeluargaan Ibu, Madinah, Imran, Penceritaan
pendek Aisyah,Sulaiman,
Alim
Table 3: Content in Social Stories
Tittle
Texts Theme Sample/ Material Type
Grandmother
Short Family Grandmother,
grandfather, Storytelling
and story mother, father, Imran,
Madinah,
grandfather Aisyah,
Alim
I’m a Short Family Grandmother,
grandfather, Storytelling
special
story mother,
father, Imran, Madinah,
one Aisyah,
Alim
Family Short Family Mother, father, Imran,
Madinah, Storytelling
story Aisyah,
Alim
Heart Short Family Mother, Teacher, Alim, Storytelling
story friends
Neighbour Short
Family Mother,
Madinah, Imran Storytelling
story Aisyah,
Sulaiman, Alim
Table 3: Content in Social Stories
Tittle
Texts Theme Sample/ Material Type
Grandmother
Short Family Grandmother,
grandfather, Storytelling
and story mother, father, Imran,
Madinah,
grandfather Aisyah,
Alim
I’m a Short Family Grandmother,
grandfather, Storytelling
special
story mother,
father, Imran, Madinah,
one Aisyah,
Alim
Family Short Family Mother, father, Imran,
Madinah, Storytelling
story Aisyah,
Alim
Heart Short Family Mother, Teacher, Alim, Storytelling
story friends
Neighbour Short
Family Mother,
Madinah, Imran Storytelling
story Aisyah,
Sulaiman, Alim
Table 3: Content in Social Stories
Tittle Texts Theme Sample/ Material Type
Grandmother Short Family Grandmother,
grandfather, Storytelling
and story mother, father, Imran,
Madinah,
grandfather Aisyah,
Alim
I’m a Short Family Grandmother,
grandfather, Storytelling
special story mother,
father, Imran, Madinah,
one Aisyah,
Alim
Family Short Family Mother, father, Imran,
Madinah, Storytelling
story Aisyah,
Alim
Heart Short Family Mother, Teacher, Alim, Storytelling
story friends
Neighbour Short
Family Mother,
Madinah, Imran Storytelling
story Aisyah,
Sulaiman, Alim
Jadual 4: Konteks dalam Cerita Sosial
Judul Tatabahasa Latar Emosi
Nenek
Penggunaan kata dan ayat yang Kampung
nenek Gembira, rindu, sedih
Dan
mudah dan sesuai untuk semua dan
datuk marah, keliru, puas
Datuk
termasuk kanak-kanak istimewa hati
Saya yang Penggunaan kata dan ayat yang Rumah ibu dan Gembira, puas hati,
Istimewa mudah dan sesuai untuk semua bapa sedih
termasuk kanak-kanak istimewa
Keluarga Penggunaan kata dan ayat yang Rumah ibu dan Gembira, resah
mudah dan sesuai untuk semua bapa
termasuk kanak-kanak istimewa
Hati Penggunaan kata dan ayat yang Sekolah, rumah, Gembira
mudah dan sesuai untuk semua jiran
termasuk kanak-kanak
istimewa
Jiran Penggunaan kata dan ayat yang Rumah ibu bapa Gembira, Simpati,
mudah dan sesuai untuk semua dan jiran ambil
berat, sedih
termasuk kanak-kanak istimewa
Table 4: Context in Social Stories
Tittle Grammar Background Emotion
Grandmother The use of words and sentences that Village grandparents Happy, longing,
and easy and suitable for all and grandparents sad, angry, confused,
Grandfather including special children satisfied
I’m a The
use of words and sentences that Mother
and Happy,
satisfied,
Special
easy and suitable for all father’s house sad
one including
special children
Family The use of words and sentences
that Mother and Happy, restless
easy and suitable for
all father’s house
including special
children
Heart The
use of words and sentences that School,
house, Happy
easy and suitable for
all neighbor
including special
children
Neighbour The use of words and sentences that Mother and Happy, Sympathy
easy and suitable for
all father’s house care,
sad
including
special children
Table 4: Context in Social Stories
Tittle Grammar Background Emotion
Grandmother The use of words and sentences that Village Ggrandparents’ Happy, longing,
and easy and suitable for all village and
grandparentssad, angry, confused,
Grandfather including special children satisfied
I’m a The
use of words and sentences that Mother
and Happy,
satisfied,
Special
easy and suitable for all father’s house sad
one including
special children
Family The use of words and sentences
that Mother and Happy, restless
easy and suitable for
all father’s house
including special
children
Heart The
use of words and sentences that School,
house, Happy
easy and suitable for
all neighbour
including special
children
Neighbour The use of words and sentences that Mother and Happy, Sympathy
easy and suitable for
all father’s house care,
sad
including
special children
Table 4: Context in Social Stories
Tittle Grammar Background Emotion
Grandmother The use of words and
sentences that Grandparents’ Happy,
longing,
and easy and
suitable for all village sad, angry, confused,
Grandfather including special
children satisfied
I’m a The use of words
and sentences that Mother and Happy,
satisfied,
Special easy and suitable
for all father’s
house sad
one including
special children
Family The use of words
and sentences that Mother and Happy,
restless
easy and
suitable for all father’s
house
including
special children
Heart The use of words
and sentences that School, house, Happy
easy and
suitable for all neighbour
including
special children
Neighbour The use of words and
sentences that Mother and Happy,
Sympathy
easy and
suitable for all father’s
house care,
sad
including
special children
Jadual 5: Senarai Nilai Sosial dalam
Cerita Sosial
Judul Cerita Sosial Nilai sosial
Nenek
dan Datuk Kasih sayang, ambil berat,
rasional, tanggungjawab, ikhlas, jujur
baik hati,
kekeluargaan, sabar
Saya
yang istimewa Baik hati, ikhlas, tolong
menolong, ambil berat, tanggungjawab
Keluarga
saya Baik hati, sabar, tolong
menolong, ikhlas, ambil berat, rajin, usaha,
tanggungjawab,
rasional
Hati Baik hati, kasih
sayang, ambil berat, ikhlas, jujur, berkongsi, berterima
Kasih,
hormat menghormati, rajin
Jiran Baik hati,
tanggungjawab, kasih sayang, rasional, ambil berat, ikhlas,
jujur,
yakin, kejiranan
Table 5: List of Social Values in Social Stories
Story tittle Social
values
Grandma
and Grandpa Love,
caring, rational, responsible, sincere, honest
kind, family, patient
I
am special Kind, sincere,
helpful, caring, responsible
My
family Kind, patient,
helpful, sincere, caring, hardworking, diligent,
responsibility, rational
Heart Kind, loving, caring,
sincere, honest, sharing, accepting
Love, respect respect, diligence
Neighbors Kind, responsible, loving,
rational, caring, sincere,
honest, confident, neighborhood
Table 5: List of Social Values in Social Stories
Story tittle Social values
Grandma
and Grandpa Lovinge,
caring, rational, responsible, sincere, honest
kind, family person,
patient
I
am special Kind, sincere,
helpful, caring, responsible
My
family Kind, patient,
helpful, sincere, caring, hardworking, diligent,
responsibility, rational
Heart Kind, loving, caring,
sincere, honest, sharing, accepting
Love, respect respect, diligence
Neighbors Kind, responsible, loving,
rational, caring, sincere,
honest, confident, neighborhood
Table 5: List of Social Values in Social
Stories
Story tittle Social values
Grandma and Grandpa
Loving, caring, rational, responsible, sincere, honest
kind, family
person, patient
I am special Kind,
sincere, helpful, caring, responsible
My family Kind,
patient, helpful, sincere, caring, hardworking, diligent,
responsibility,
rational
Heart Kind,
loving, caring, sincere, honest, sharing, accepting
Love, respect respect, diligence
Neighbors Kind,
responsible, loving, rational, caring, sincere,
honest,
confident, neighborhood
Taksonomi
Strategi Komunikasi oleh Dornyei & Scott (1977)
Strategi Pengelakan atau Pengurangan
1.
Pengabaian/ Peninggalan mesej
2. Pengelakan
topik
Achievement or Compensory Strategies
Pencapaian atau Strategi Pampasan
3. Parafrasa (Circumlocution)
4. Penghampiran
5. Penggunaan perkataan semua tujuan
6. Cipta perkataan baharu (Word-coinage)
7. Penstrukturan semula/ Penggunaan
kaedah bukan bahasa (use of non
Linguistics means)
8. Terjemahan literal
9. Pengatarabangsaan
10. Pertukaran kod
11. Meminta pertolongan, penjelasan,
pengesahan atau membuat tekaan/
Appeal for help stalling
Stalling or Time-gaining Strategies
Penangguhan atau Strategi Tamabahan Waktu
12. Penggunaan perkataan yang tiada makna/ Use
of fillers/ strategi penanda
(hesitation devices)
Rajah 7: Taksonomi Strategi Komunikasi
oleh Donyei & Scott (1977)
Communication
Strategy Taxonomy by Dornyei & Scott (1977)
Avoidance or Reduction Strategies
1.
Ignoring / Leaving messages
2.
Topic avoidance
Pencapaian atau Strategi Pampasan
Achievement or Compensory Strategies
3.
Paraphrase (Circumlocution)
4.
Approaches
5.
Use of all purposes
6.
Create a new level (Word-coinage)
7.
Restructuring / Use of non-language methods (non-use
Linguistics means)
8.
Literal translation
9.
Internationalization
10.
Code exchange
11.
Ask for help, explanation, confirmation or guess making /
Ask for help to stop
Penangguhan atau Strategi Tamabahan Waktu
Stalling or Time-gaining Strategies
12. Use of meaningless words / Use of
fillers / marker strategies
(hesitation devices)
Figure 7: Communication Strategy
Taxonomy by Donyei & Scott (1977)
Communication
Strategy Taxonomy by Dornyei & Scott (1977)
Avoidance or Reduction Strategies
1.
Ignoring / Leaving messages
2.
Topic avoidance
Pencapaian atau
Strategi Pampasan
Achievement or Compensory Strategies
3.
Paraphrase (Circumlocution)
4.
Approaches
5.
Use of all purposes
6.
Create a new level (Word-coinage)
7.
Restructuring / Use of non-language methods (non-use
Linguistics means)
8.
Literal translation
9.
Internationalization
10.
Code exchange
11.
Ask for help, explanation, confirmation or guess making /
Ask for help to stop
Penangguhan atau Strategi Tamabahan WaktuStalling
or Time-gaining Strategies
12. Use of meaninglessly
words / Use of fillers / marker strategies
(hesitation devices)
Figure 7: Communication Strategy
Taxonomy by Donyei & Scott (1977)
Communication Strategy Taxonomy
by Dornyei & Scott (1977)
Avoidance or Reduction Strategies
1. Ignoring / Leaving messages
2. Topic avoidance
Achievement or Compensory Strategies
3. Paraphrase (Circumlocution)
4. Approaches
5. Use of all purposes
6. Create a new level (Word-coinage)
7. Restructuring / Use of non-language methods (non-use
Linguistics means)
8. Literal translation
9. Internationalization
10. Code exchange
11. Asking-- for help, explanation, confirmation or guess making /
Asking for help to stop
Stalling or Time-gaining
Strategies
12. Use of meaninglessly words / Use of fillers / marker strategies
(hesitation devices)
Figure 7:
Communication Strategy Taxonomy by Donyei & Scott (1977)
RUMUSAN
Jadual 6: Strategi Komunikasi
Strategi
Komunikasi Frekuensi
1 Singkatan 15
2 Perkataan baharu tiada makna 4
3 Penafian/ Percanggahan 10
4 Persoalan 6
5 Pengulangan 8
6 Perujukan 13
7 Pembentulan kendiri 5
8 Topik berlainan/ pengabaian mesej 4
9 Celahan 8
10 Penangguhan 6
11 Terjemahan literal 4
12 Pertukaran bahasa 4
13 Imaginasi 5
14 Kesopanan 4
15 Parafrasa 4
16 Mminta pertolongan 4
COCLUSION
Table 6: Communication Strategies
Communication
Strategies Frequency
1
Abbreviation 15
2
New words have no meaning
4
3
Disclaimer / Conflict 10
4
Question 6
5
Repetition 8
6
References 13
7
Self-correction 5
8
Different topics / message neglect 4
9
Intervals 8
10
Suspension 6
11
Literal translation 4
12
Language exchange 4
13
Imagination 5
14
Politeness 4
15
Paraphrase 4
16 Ask for help 4
COCLUSION
Table 6: Communication Strategies
Communication
Strategies Frequency
1
Abbreviation 15
2
New words have no meaning 4
3
Disclaimer / Conflict 10
4
Question 6
5
Repetition 8
6
References 13
7
Self-correction 5
8
Different topics / message neglect 4
9
Intervals 8
10
Suspension 6
11
Literal translation 4
12
Language exchange 4
13
Imagination 5
14
Politeness 4
15
Paraphrase 4
16 Asking for
help 4
COCLUSION
Table 6:
Communication Strategies
Communication
Strategies Frequency
1 Abbreviation 15
2 New words have no meaning 4
3 Disclaimer / Conflict 10
4 Questions-- 6
5 Repetition 8
6 References 13
7 Self-correction 5
8 Different topics / message neglect 4
9 Intervals 8
10 Suspension 6
11 Literal translation 4
12 Language exchange 4
13 Imagination 5
14 Politeness 4
15 Paraphrase 4
16 Asking for help 4
Rujukan: Normaliza Abd Rahim. (2019). Kajian wacana dan strategi komunikasi Teori dan aplikasi. Terengganu: Penerbit Universiti Malaysia Terengganu.
Kehadiran Minggu 5
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