BBN3402SATU2020: MINGGU4 PRAKATA & BAB 1

 

M4-TERJEMAHAN PRAKATA & BAB 1

NURUL FARISYA SYADIRA BINTI NORAZIZAN      NURHANI HASYA BINTI SHAHRIZAN

196269                                                      197773

PRAKATA

Buku "Kajian Wacana dan Strategi Komunikasi: Teori dan Aplikasi" ini merupakan buku yang mengandungi teori serta diaplikasikan dalam bentuk penyelidikan. Penyelidikan melputi kajian lirik lagu, cerita, ujaran dan interaksi dalam perbualan. Buku ini mengandungi dua bahagian iaitu kajian wacana dan strateg) komunikasi. Kedua-dua bahagian berkait rapat antara satu sama lain kerana melibatkan komunikasi ujaran, interano is dan tulisan. Bab 1 mengandungi pengenalan tentang kajian wacana iaitu definisi dan konsep wacana. Bab 2 pula menjelaskan tentang teori dan pendekatan wacana. Terdapat beberapa teori dan pendekatan wacana yang dibincangkan iaitu analisis wacana dan wacana kritis. Bab 3 pula menganalisis tiga kajian wacana yang berkaitan dengan wacana tekstual lirik lagu, wacana tekstual cerita sosial dan wacana ujaran dalam kalangan kanak-kanak. Setiap kajian dianalisis dengan menggunakan teori dan pendekatan analisis wacana yang diperkenalkan dalam buku ini. Bab 4 mengandungi pengenalan tentang strategi komunikasi. Pengenalan meliputi kajian-kajian tentang strategi komunikasi yang berkaitan dengan ujaran dan interaksi yang menggunakan strategi komunikasi. Bab 5 pula membincangkan belapa taksonomi dan pendekatan strategi komunikasi. Senarai taksonomi dan pendekatan serta huraian bagi setiap satu dipaparkan. Bab 6 mengandungi kajian strategi komunikasi dalam kalangan kanak-kanak. Interaksi dan ujaran kanak-kanak dianalisis dengan menggunakan taksonomi strategi komunikasi yang terkini. Bab 7 iaitu bab akhir mengandungi cadangan kajian mengenai kajian wacana dan strategi komunikasi. Diharapkan buku ini dapat membantu penyelidik dalam membuat penelitian terhadap bentuk kajian wacana dan strategi komunikasi.

 

 

No	Text Asal	Mesin Google Translate	Track Changes	Teks Bersih
1	Buku "Kajian Wacana dan Strategi Komunikasi: Teori dan Aplikasi" ini merupakan buku yang mengandungi teori serta diaplikasikan dalam bentuk penyelidikan. Penyelidikan melputi kajian lirik lagu, cerita, ujaran dan interaksi dalam perbualan.	This book "Discourse Studies and Communication Strategies: Theory and Application" is an important book of theory and applied in the form of research. Research encompasses the study of song lyrics, stories, utterances and interactions in conversation.	This book "Discourse Studies and Communication Strategies: Theory and Application" is an important book of theorytheorical and research-based book applied in the form of research. Research enclose encompasses the study of song lyrics, stories, utterances and interactions in conversation.	This book "Discourse Studies and Communication Strategies: Theory and Application" is an important theorical and research-based book. Research enclose the study of song lyrics, stories, utterances and interactions in conversation.
2	Buku ini mengandungi dua bahagian iaitu kajian wacana dan strategi komunikasi. Kedua-dua bahagian berkait rapat antara satu sama lain kerana melibatkan komunikasi ujaran, interaksi, teks, dan tulisan.	This book contains two parts, namely the study of discourse and strategic communication. The two parts are closely related to each other as they involve verbal communication, interaction, text and written communication.	This book contains two aspectsparts, namely the study of discourse and strategic communication. The two elementsparts are closely related to each other as they involve verbal communication, interaction, text and written communication.	This book contains two aspects, namely the study of discourse and strategic communication. The two elements are closely related to each other as they involve verbal conversation, interaction, text and written communication.
3	Bab 1 mengandungi pengenalan tentang kajian wacana iaitu definisi dan konsep wacana.	Chapter 1 contains an introduction to the study of discourse that is the definition and concept of discourse.	Chapter 1 accommodate contains an introduction to the study of discourse which is thethat is the definition and the principle concept of discourse.	Chapter 1 accommodate an introduction to the study of discourse which is the definition and the principle of discourse.
4	Bab 2 pula menjelaskan tentang teori dan pendekatan wacana. Terdapat beberapa teori dan pendekatan wacana yang dibincangkan iaitu analisis wacana dan wacana kritis.	Chapter 2 also explains about the theory and approach of discourse. There are several theories and approaches of discourse discussed namely discourse analysis and critical discourse.	Chapter 2 also elucidateexplains about the theory and approach of discourse. There are several theories and approaches of discourse discussed which are namely discourse analysis and critical discourse.	Chapter 2 also elucidate about the theory and approach of discourse. There are several theories and approaches of discourse discussed which are namely discourse analysis and critical discourse.
5	Bab 3 pula menganalisis tiga kajian wacana yang berkaitan dengan wacana tekstual lirik lagu, wacana tekstual cerita sosial dan wacana ujaran dalam kalangan kanak-kanak. Setiap kajian dianalisis dengan menggunakan teori dan pendekatan analisis wacana yang diperkenalkan dalam buku ini.	Chapter 3 analyzes three discourse studies related to the textual discourse of song lyrics, textual discourse of social stories and discourse discourse among children. Each study was analyzed using the theory and discourse analysis approach introduced in this book.	Chapter 3 examinesanalyzes three discourse studies connectedrelated to the textual discourse of song lyrics, textual discourse of social stories and discourse discourse among children. Each researchstudy was analyzed using the theory and discourse analysis approach introduced in this book.	Chapter 3 examines three discourse studies that connected to the textual discourse of song lyrics, textual discourse of social stories and discourse discourse among children. Each research was analyzed using the theory and discourse analysis approach which were introduced in this book.
6	Bab 4 mengandungi pengenalan tentang strategi komunikasi. Pengenalan meliputi kajian-kajian tentang strategi komunikasi yang berkaitan dengan ujaran dan interaksi yang menggunakan strategi komunikasi.	Chapter 4 contains an introduction to communication strategies. The introduction covers studies on communication strategies related to utterances and interactions that use communication strategies.	Chapter 4 consists ofcontains an introduction to communication strategies. The introduction covers encloses the studies on communication strategies related to utterances and interactions that use communication strategies.	Chapter 4 consists of an introduction to communication strategies. The introduction encloses the studies on communication strategies which related to utterances and interactions that use communication strategies.
7	Bab 5 pula membincangkan belapa taksonomi dan pendekatan strategi komunikasi. Senarai taksonomi dan pendekatan serta huraian bagi setiap satu dipaparkan.	Chapter 5 discusses several taxonomies and communication strategy approaches. A list of taxonomies and approaches as well as descriptions for each is displayed.	Chapter 5 discusses certainseveral taxonomies and communication strategy approaches. A list of taxonomies and approaches as well as descriptions for each is advertiseddisplayed.	Chapter 5 discusses certain taxonomies and communication strategy approaches. A list of taxonomies and approaches as well as descriptions for each is advertised.
8	Bab 6 mengandungi kajian strategi komunikasi dalam kalangan kanak-kanak. Interaksi dan ujaran kanak-kanak dianalisis dengan menggunakan taksonomi strategi komunikasi yang terkini.	Chapter 6 contains a study of communication strategies among children. Children's interactions and utterances are analyzed using the latest taxonomy of communication strategies.	Chapter 6 accomodatecontains a study of communication strategies among children. Children's interactions and utterances are evaluateanalyzed using the latest taxonomy of communication strategies.	Chapter 6 accommodate a study of communication strategies among children. Children's interactions and utterances are evaluate using the latest taxonomy of communication strategies.
9	Bab 7 iaitu bab akhir mengandungi cadangan kajian mengenai kajian wacana dan strategi komunikasi.	Chapter 7 which is the final chapter contains research proposals on the study of discourse and communication strategies.	Chapter 7 which is the final chapter consists ofcontains research proposals on the study of discourse and communication strategies.	Chapter 7 which is the final chapter consist of research proposals on the study of discourse and communication strategies.
10	Diharapkan buku ini dapat membantu penyelidik dalam membuat penelitian terhadap bentuk kajian wacana dan strategi komunikasi.	It is hoped that this book can help researchers in conducting research on the form of discourse studies and communication strategies.	It is hoped that this book can benefit thehelp researchers in conducting research on the form of discourse studies and communication strategies.	It is hoped that this book can benefit the researchers in conducting research on the form of discourse studies and communication strategies.

 

TEKS BERSIH

This book "Discourse Studies and Communication Strategies: Theory and Application" is an important theorical and research-based book. Research enclose the study of song lyrics, stories, utterances and interactions in conversation. This book contains two aspects, namely the study of discourse and strategic communication. The two elements are closely related to each other as they involve verbal conversation, interaction, text and written communication. Chapter 1 accommodate an introduction to the study of discourse which is the definition and the principle of discourse. Chapter 2 also elucidate about the theory and approach of discourse. There are several theories and approaches of discourse discussed which are namely discourse analysis and critical discourse. Chapter 3 examines three discourse studies that connected to the textual discourse of song lyrics, textual discourse of social stories and discourse discourse among children. Each research was analyzed using the theory and discourse analysis approach which were introduced in this book. Chapter 4 consists of an introduction to communication strategies. The introduction encloses the studies on communication strategies which related to utterances and interactions that use communication strategies. Chapter 5 discusses certain taxonomies and communication strategy approaches. A list of taxonomies and approaches as well as descriptions for each is advertised. Chapter 6 accommodate a study of communication strategies among children. Children's interactions and utterances are evaluate using the latest taxonomy of communication strategies. Chapter 7 which is the final chapter consist of research proposals on the study of discourse and communication strategies. It is hoped that this book can benefit the researchers in conducting research on the form of discourse studies and communication strategies.

 

BAB 1

Wacana merupakan bahasa daripada individu atau kumpulan dalam bentuk ujaran, interaksi, teks dan tulisan. Wacana ialah keseluruhan pelahiran bahasa oleh penutur atau penulis. iaitu sistem bahasa dan unsur unsur luar daripada sistem bahasa yang menyumbang ke arah menjadikan pertuturan atau tulisan berkenaan sebagai sesuatu yang bermakna dalam berkomunikasi (Asmah Haji Omar, 1986). Wacana didefinisikan sebagai unit bahasa yang mempunyai kesantunan fikiran dan melebihi batas ayat. Dalam hierarki bahasa, wacana terletak pada tingkat yang tertinggi, iaitu hadir selepas tingkat ayat.

 

Wacana mengandungi sistem komunikasi antara dua atau lebih orang. Selain itu, wacana juga boleh diistilahkan melalui tulisan dan bacaan daripada seseorang nun, wacana seharusnya mengandungi ayat yang bermakna serta mengandungi situasi yang dikaitkan dengan ayat tersebut. Justeru, wacana dapat ditahami dengan baik oleh seseorang. Wacana merupakan keseluruhan tutur suatu kesatuan, ujaran, ucapan, pertuturan dan percakapan. Selain itu, wacana juga dilihat dari aspek penulisan yang ditulis oleh penulis melalui buku, majalah, akhbar, makalah dan segala bentuk tulisan. Di dalam bentuk perbincangan atau pertukaran idea secara lisan, wacana dapat dikenal pasti dengan lebih baik. Seseorang individu itu mengadakan perbincangan berbentuk ilmu, pengalaman, penceritaan dan sebagainya. Kesatuan fikiran sama ada dalam bentuk lisan seperti pidato, khutbah, debat, syarahan, perbualan dan sebagainya atau tulisan seperti surat, artikel, novel, cerpen, puisi dan sebagainya dapat dilihat dan difahami dengan lebih baik melalui pengetahuan tentang teori dan pembacaan karya yang berbentuk sastera.

 

Hawthorn (1992) mengemukakan definisi wacana sebagai komunikasi kebahasaan yang dilihat sebagai pertukaran antara pembicara dan pendengar dengan mengambil kira tajuk perbincangan dan persekitaran. Definisi wacana dapat dilihat dari pelbagai aspek. Melalui aspek sosiologi, wacana merujuk pada hubungan konteks sosial dalam pemakaian bahasa sedangkan dari segi linguistik pula, wacana adalah unit bahasa yang lebih besar daripada kalimat. Fowler (1991) mengatakan bahawa wacana merupakan komunikasi lisan dan tulisan yang dilihat daripada titik pandangan kepercayaan, nilai dan kategori yang terdapat di dalamnya.

 

Brown & Yule (1983) menegaskan bahawa wacana boleh dilihat melalui lisan d tulisan yang dianalisis bagi tujuan pemahaman yang lebih baik. Stubbs (1983) juga bersetuju dengan Brown & Yule (1983) dan menyatakan bahawa aspek linguistik harus diterapkan bagi tujuan analisis wacana.

 

 Berikut adalah antara beberapa definisi wacana:

 

Sumber	Definisi Wacana
Edmonson (1981)	Wacana adalah suatu peristiwa berstruktur yang dimanifestasikan dalam perilaku linguistik bahasa atau yang lainnya.
Kamus Dewan (Edisi Keempat)	Wacana merupakan keseluruhan tutur yang merupakan kesatuan, ucapan, pertuturan, percakapan dan perbincangan atau pertukaran idea secara lisan, la juga merupakan kesatuan fikiran yang utuh sama ada dalam bentuk lisan ataupun tulisan.
Asmah Haji Omar (1986)	Wacana ialah keseluruhan pelahiran bahasa oleh penutur atau penulis, iaitu sistem bahasa dan unsur luar daripada sistem bahasa yang menyumbang ke arah menjadikan pertuturan atau tulisan berkenaan sebagai sesuatu yang bermakna dalam komunikasi.
Raminah Hj. Sabran & Rahim Syam (1985)	Wacana adalah unit bahasa yang melebihi batas ayat laitu boleh terdiri daripada ayat, sejumlah ayat, ceraian, bab, buku, cerita, dialog dan sebagainya yang dalamnya memperlihatkan hubungan dan perkembangan fikiran yang berturutan. Dengan perkataan lain, wacana adalah satiu satuan bahasa yang lengkap.
Normaliza Abd Rahim (2014)	Wacana adalah bahasa yang dilahirkan oleh penutur atau perulis. Bahasa yang ditutur serta ditulis mengandungi makna serta difahami oleh pendengar atau pembaca.
Stubbs (1983)	Wacana dapat dilihat melalui sistem tutur dan tulisan, mempunyai makna serta difalami oleh pendengar dan pembaca.
Brown & Yule (1983)	Wacana boleh dilihat melalui lisan dan tulisan yang dianalisis bagi tujuan peimahanan yang lebih baik
Halliday & Hassan (1985)	Wacana terdiri daripada apa jua kalimat sama ada lisan atau ulisan (tidak kira panjang atau pendek) yang mempunyai makna keseluruhan
Nomaliza Abd Rahim (2018b)	Wacana meliputi ujaran, interaksi, tulisan dan teks yang dianalisis bagi tujuan mencari makna tersirat dan tersurat. Wacana jugaa meliputi bahasa simbol, isyarat dan apa jua yang memberi makna kepada semua pihak yang terlibat.

 

RUMUSAN

 

Definisi wacana dapat difahami dengan jelas dengan merujuk kepada wacana berbentuk teks, tulisan, ujaran dan interaksi. Adalah wajar setiap wacana difokus dan dianalisis dengan teliti supaya analisis dapat difahami dengan jelas. Pemahaman setiap wacana tersebut dilihat sebagai satu perkara yang mudah apabila seseorang itu faham akan tujuan setiap wacana yang disampaikan. Malah, akan lebih jelas lagi apabila dihuraikan dengan lebih terperinci dan teliti.

 

 

No	Teks Asal	Mesin Google Translate	Track Changes	Teks Bersih
1	Wacana merupakan bahasa daripada individu atau kumpulan dalam bentuk ujaran, interaksi, teks dan tulisan. Wacana ialah keseluruhan pelahiran bahasa oleh penutur atau penulis. iaitu sistem bahasa dan unsur-unsur luar daripada sistem bahasa yang menyumbang ke arah menjadikan pertuturan atau tulisan berkenaan sebagai sesuatu yang bermakna dalam berkomunikasi (Asmah Haji Omar, 1986). Wacana didefinisikan sebagai unit bahasa yang mempunyai kesantunan fikiran dan melebihi batas ayat. Dalam hierarki bahasa, wacana terletak pada tingkat yang tertinggi, iaitu hadir selepas tingkat ayat.	Discourse is the language of individuals or groups in the form of utterances, interactions, texts and writings. Discourse is the whole birth of language by the speaker or writer. that is, the language system and elements outside the language system that contribute towards making the speech or writing as something meaningful in communicating (Asmah Haji Omar, 1986). Discourse is defined as a unit of language that has politeness of mind and exceeds sentence limits. In the language hierarchy, discourse is located at the highest level, i.e. present after the sentence level.	Discourse is the language of individuals or groups in the form of utterances, interactions, texts and writings. Discourse is the whole birth of language by the speaker or writer. that is which are, the language system and elements outside the  of the language system that contribute towards making the speech or writing as something meaningful in communicating  communication (Asmah Haji Omar, 1986). Discourse is defined as a unit of language that has politeness of mind and exceeds sentence  the sentence limits. In the language hierarchy, discourse is located at the highest level, i.e. present after the sentence level.	Discourse is the language of individuals or groups in the form of utterances, interactions, texts and writings. Discourse is the whole birth of language by the speaker or writer. Which are the language system and elements outside of the language system that contribute towards making the speech or writing as something meaningful in communication (Asmah Haji Omar, 1986). Discourse is defined as a unit of language that has politeness of mind and exceeds the sentence limits. In the language hierarchy, discourse is the highest level, i.e. present after the sentence level.
2	Wacana mengandungi sistem komunikasi antara dua atau lebih orang. Selain itu, wacana juga boleh diistilahkan melalui tulisan dan bacaan daripada seseorang Namun, wacana seharusnya mengandungi ayat yang bermakna serta mengandungi situasi yang dikaitkan dengan ayat tersebut. Justeru, wacana dapat ditahami dengan baik oleh seseorang. Wacana merupakan keseluruhan tutur suatu kesatuan, ujaran, ucapan, pertuturan dan percakapan.	Discourse contains a system of communication between two or more people. In addition, discourse can also be termed through writing and reading from a person However, discourse should contain meaningful sentences as well as contain situations associated with the sentence. Thus, discourse can be well understood by one. Discourse is the whole speech of a union, utterance, speech, speech and conversation.	Discourse contains a system of communication between two or more people. In addition, discourse can also be termed defined through writing and reading from a person. However, the discourse should contain meaningful  a meaningful sentence as well as contain situations associated with the sentence. Thus, discourse can be well understood by one someone. Discourse is the whole speech of a union, utterance, speech , speech and conversation.	Discourse contains a system of communication between two or more people. In addition, discourse can also define through writing and reading from a person However, discourse should contain a meaningful sentence as well as contain situations associated with the sentence. Thus, discourse can be well understood by one. Discourse is the whole speech of a union, utterance, speech and conversation.
3	Selain itu, wacana juga dilihat dari aspek penulisan yang ditulis oleh penulis melalui buku, majalah, akhbar, makalah dan segala bentuk tulisan. Di dalam bentuk perbincangan atau pertukaran idea secara lisan, wacana dapat dikenal pasti dengan lebih baik. Seseorang individu itu mengadakan perbincangan berbentuk ilmu, pengalaman, penceritaan dan sebagainya. Kesatuan fikiran sama ada dalam bentuk lisan seperti pidato, khutbah, debat, syarahan, perbualan dan sebagainya atau tulisan seperti surat, artikel, novel, cerpen, puisi dan sebagainya dapat dilihat dan difahami dengan lebih baik melalui pengetahuan tentang teori dan pembacaan karya yang berbentuk sastera.	In addition, discourse is also seen from the aspect of writing written by the author through books, magazines, newspapers, papers and all forms of writing. In the form of verbal discussion or exchange of ideas, discourse can be better identified. An individual holds discussion in the form of knowledge, experience, storytelling and so on. Unity of mind whether in oral form such as speeches, sermons, debates, lectures, conversations and so on or writings such as letters, articles, novels, short stories, poems and so on can be seen and understood better through knowledge of theory and reading of literary works.	In addition, discourse is also seen from the aspect of writing written  that written by the author through books, magazines, newspapers, papers   and all forms of writing. In the form of verbal discussion or exchange of ideas, discourse can be better identified. An individual holds discussion in the form of knowledge, experience, storytelling and so on. Unity of mind whether in oral form such as speeches, sermons, debates, lectures, conversations and so on or writings such as letters, articles, novels, short stories, poems and so on others can be seen and understood better through knowledge of theory and reading of literary works.	In addition, discourse is also seen from the aspect of writing that written by the author through books, magazines, newspapers, and all forms of writing. In the form of verbal discussion or exchange of ideas, discourse can be better identified. An individual holds discussion in the form of knowledge, experience, storytelling and so on. Unity of mind whether in oral form such as speeches, sermons, debates, lectures, conversations and so on or writings such as letters, articles, novels, short stories, poems and others can be seen and understood better through knowledge of theory and reading of literary works.
4	Hawthorn (1992) mengemukakan definisi wacana sebagai komunikasi kebahasaan yang dilihat sebagai pertukaran antara pembicara dan pendengar dengan mengambil kira tajuk perbincangan dan persekitaran. Definisi wacana dapat dilihat dari pelbagai aspek. Melalui aspek sosiologi, wacana merujuk pada hubungan konteks sosial dalam pemakaian bahasa sedangkan dari segi linguistik pula, wacana adalah unit bahasa yang lebih besar daripada kalimat.	Hawthorn (1992) put forward the definition of discourse as linguistic communication seen as an exchange between speaker and listener taking into account the topic of discussion and the environment. The definition of discourse can be seen from various aspects. Through the sociological aspect, discourse refers to the relationship of social context in the use of language while in terms of linguistics, discourse is a unit of language that is larger than a sentence.	Hawthorn (1992) put forward proposed the definition of discourse  as linguistic communication seen as an exchange between speaker and listener taking into account the topic of discussion and the environment. The definition of discourse can be seen from  through a various aspect. Through  Which are through the sociological aspect, discourse refers to the relationship of social context in the use of language while in terms of linguistics, discourse is a unit of language that is larger than a sentence.	Hawthorn (1992) proposed the definition of discourse as linguistic communication seen as a linguistic communication an exchange between speaker and listener taking into account the topic of discussion and the environment. The definition of discourse can be seen through a various aspect. Which are through the sociological aspect, discourse refers to the relationship of social context in the use of language while in terms of linguistics, discourse is a unit of language that is larger than a sentence.
5	Fowler (1991) mengatakan bahawa wacana merupakan komunikasi lisan dan tulisan yang dilihat daripada titik pandangan kepercayaan, nilai dan kategori yang terdapat di dalamnya.   Brown & Yule (1983) menegaskan bahawa wacana boleh dilihat melalui lisan dan tulisan yang dianalisis bagi tujuan pemahaman yang lebih baik. Stubbs (1983) juga bersetuju dengan Brown & Yule (1983) dan menyatakan bahawa aspek linguistik harus diterapkan bagi tujuan analisis wacana.	Fowler (1991) says that discourse is oral and written communication seen from the point of view of beliefs, values ​​and categories found in it.   Brown & Yule (1983) assert that discourse can be seen through oral and written writing for the purpose of better understanding. Stubbs (1983) also agrees with Brown & Yule (1983) and states that linguistic aspects should be applied for the purpose of discourse analysis.	Fowler (1991) says that discourse is oral and written communication seen  It can be seen from the point of view  of opinions beliefs, values ​​and categories found in it.   Brown & Yule (1983) assert insisted that discourse can be seen through oral and written   writing for the purpose of better understanding. Stubbs (1983) also agrees with Brown & Yule (1983) and states that linguistic aspects should be applied for the purpose of discourse analysis.	Fowler (1991) says that discourse is oral and written communication. It can be seen from the point of view of opinions, beliefs, moral values ​​and categories found in it.   Brown & Yule (1983) insisted that discourse can be seen through oral and writing for the purpose of a better understanding. Stubbs (1983) also agrees with Brown & Yule (1983) and states that linguistic aspects should be applied for the purpose of discourse analysis.
6	Berikut adalah antara beberapa definisi wacana:   Edmonson (1981)   Wacana adalah suatu peristiwa  berstruktur yang dimanifestasikan dalam perilaku linguistik bahasa atau yang lainnya.   Kamus Dewan (Edisi Keempat)           Wacana merupakan keseluruhan tutur yang merupakan kesatuan, ucapan, pertuturan, percakapan dan perbincangan atau pertukaran idea secara lisan, la juga merupakan kesatuan fikiran yang utuh sama ada dalam bentuk lisan ataupun tulisan.   Asmah Haji Omar (1986)   Wacana ialah keseluruhan pelahiran bahasa oleh penutur atau penulis, iaitu sistem bahasa dan unsur luar daripada sistem bahasa yang menyumbang ke arah menjadikan pertuturan atau tulisan berkenaan sebagai sesuatu yang bermakna dalam komunikasi.	Here are some definitions of discourse:   Edmonson (1981)   Discourse is a structured event that is manifested in the linguistic behavior of language or otherwise.     Kamus Dewan (Fourth Edition)   Discourse is the whole of speech which is a union, speech, speech, conversation and discussion or exchange of ideas orally, it is also a whole unity of thought either in oral or written form.       Asmah Haji Omar (1986)   Discourse is the whole birth of language by the speaker or writer, which is the language system and elements outside the language system that contribute towards making the speech or writing as something meaningful in communication.	Here are some definitions of discourse:   Edmonson (1981)   Discourse is a structured event that is manifested in the linguistic behavior of language or otherwise.     Kamus Dewan (Fourth Edition)   Discourse is the whole of speech which is a union, speech, speech,  conversation and discussion or exchange  the exchange of ideas orally, it is also a whole unity  union of thought either in oral or written form.       Asmah Haji Omar (1986)   Discourse is the whole birth mother birth of language by the speaker or writer, which is the language system and elements outside other elements of the language system that contribute towards making the speech or writing as something meaningful in communication.	Here are some definitions of discourse:   Edmonson (1981)   Discourse is a structured event that is manifested in the linguistic behavior of language or otherwise.     Kamus Dewan (Fourth Edition)   Discourse is the whole of speech which is a union, speech, conversation and discussion or the exchange of ideas orally, it is also a whole union of thought either in oral or written form.       Asmah Haji Omar (1986)   Discourse is the mother birth of language by the speaker or writer, which is the language system and other elements of the language system that contribute towards making the speech or writing as something meaningful in communication.
7	Raminah Hj. Sabran & Rahim Syam (1985)           Wacana adalah unit bahasa yang melebihi batas ayat laitu boleh terdiri daripada ayat, sejumlah ayat, ceraian, bab, buku, cerita, dialog dan sebagainya yang dalamnya memperlihatkan hubungan dan perkembangan fikiran yang berturutan. Dengan perkataan lain, wacana adalah satiu satuan bahasa yang lengkap.   Normaliza Abd Rahim (2014)   Wacana adalah bahasa yang dilahirkan oleh penutur atau perulis. Bahasa yang ditutur serta ditulis mengandungi makna serta difahami oleh pendengar atau pembaca.	Raminah Hj. Sabran & Rahim Syam (1985)    Discourse is a unit of language that exceeds the sentence limit that can consist of sentences, a number of sentences, divorce, chapters, books, stories, dialogues and so on which in it show the sequence and development of consecutive thoughts. In other words, discourse is a complete unit of language.     Normaliza Abd Rahim (2014)   Discourse is the language born of the speaker or writer. The language spoken and written contains meaning and is understood by the listener or reader.	Raminah Hj. Sabran & Rahim Syam (1985)   Discourse is a unit of language that exceeds the sentence limit that can consist of sentences, a number of sentences, divorce chains, chapters, books, stories, dialogues and so on which in it show the sequence  relationship and development of consecutive thoughts. In other words, discourse is a complete unit of language.   Normaliza Abd Rahim (2014)   Discourse is the language born of the that was born by the speaker or writer. The language spoken and written  The spoken or written language contains meaning and is understood by the listener or reader.	Raminah Hj. Sabran & Rahim Syam (1985)   Discourse is a unit of language that exceeds the sentence limit that can consist of sentences, a number of sentences, chains, chapters, books, stories, dialogues and so on which in it show the relationship and development of consecutive thoughts. In other words, discourse is a complete unit of language.   Normaliza Abd Rahim (2014)   Discourse is the language that was born by the speaker or writer. The spoken or written language contains meaning and it is understandable by the listener or reader.
8	Stubbs (1983)           Wacana dapat dilihat melalui sistem tutur dan tulisan, mempunyai makna serta difahami oleh pendengar dan pembaca.   Brown & Yule (1983)   Wacana boleh dilihat melalui lisan dan tulisan yang dianalisis bagi tujuan pemahaman  yang lebih baik.	Stubbs (1983)   Discourse can be seen through the system of speech and writing, has meaning and is experienced by listeners and readers.   Brown & Yule (1983)   Discourse can be seen through oral and written analysis for the purpose of better understanding.	Stubbs (1983)   Discourse can be seen through the system of speech and writing; it, has meaning and is experienced it is understandable by listeners and readers.   Brown & Yule (1983)   Discourse can be seen through oral and written analysis  that has been analyze for the purpose of better understanding.	Stubbs (1983)   Discourse can be seen through the system of speech and writing; it has meaning and it is understandable by listeners and readers.   Brown & Yule (1983)   Discourse can be seen through oral and written that has been analyze for the purpose of better understanding.
9	Halliday & Hassan (1985)   Wacana terdiri daripada apa jua kalimat sama ada lisan atau ulisan (tidak kira panjang atau pendek) yang mempunyai makna keseluruhan.   Nomaliza Abd Rahim (2018b) Wacana meliputi ujaran, interaksi, tulisan dan teks yang dianalisis bagi tujuan mencari makna tersirat dan tersurat. Wacana jugaa meliputi bahasa simbol, isyarat dan apa jua yang memberi makna kepada semua pihak yang terlibat.	Halliday & Hassan (1985)   Discourse consists of any sentence whether oral or written (regardless of length or short) that has an overall meaning.   Nomaliza Abd Rahim (2018b) Discourse includes utterances, interactions, writings and texts analyzed for the purpose of finding implicit and explicit meaning. Discourse also covers the language of symbols, gestures and anything that gives meaning to all parties involved.	Halliday & Hassan (1985)   Discourse consists of any sentence whether oral or written (regardless of length or short) that has an overall meaning.   Nomaliza Abd Rahim (2018b) Discourse includes utterances, interactions, writings and texts analyzed for the purpose of finding implicit meaning of implicit or explicit words. Discourse also covers the language of symbols includes the symbols language, gestures and anything that gives meaning to all parties involved.	Halliday & Hassan (1985)   Discourse consists of any sentence whether oral or written (regardless of length or short) that has an overall meaning.   Nomaliza Abd Rahim (2018b) Discourse includes utterances, interactions, writings and texts analyzed for the purpose of finding meaning of implicit and explicit words. Discourse also covers the language of symbols, gestures and anything that gives meaning to all parties involved.
10	RUMUSAN   Definisi wacana dapat difahami dengan jelas dengan merujuk kepada wacana berbentuk teks, tulisan, ujaran dan interaksi. Adalah wajar setiap wacana difokus dan dianalisis dengan teliti supaya analisis dapat difahami dengan jelas. Pemahaman setiap wacana tersebut dilihat sebagai satu perkara yang mudah apabila seseorang itu faham akan tujuan setiap wacana yang disampaikan. Malah, akan lebih jelas lagi apabila dihuraikan dengan lebih terperinci dan teliti.	SUMMARY   The definition of discourse can be clearly understood by referring to discourse in the form of text, writing, utterances and interactions. It is desirable that each discourse be focused and analyzed carefully so that the analysis can be clearly understood. Understanding each of these discourses is seen as an easy thing when one understands the purpose of each discourse delivered. In fact, it will be even clearer when described in more detail and thoroughness.	SUMMARY   The definition of discourse can be clearly understood by referring to discourse in the form of text, writing, utterances and interactions. It is desirable that each discourse be focused and analyzed carefully so that the analysis can be clearly understood. Understanding each of these discourses is seen as an easy thing when one understands the purpose of each discourse delivered.  The understanding of the discourse can be seen as easier things to someone when they understand the purpose of each discourse. In fact, it will be even clearer when described in more detail and thoroughness.	SUMMARY   The definition of discourse can be clearly understood by referring to discourse in the form of text, writing, utterances and interactions. It is desirable that each discourse be focused and analyzed carefully so that the analysis can be clearly understood. The understanding of the discourse can be seen as easier things to someone when they understand the purpose of each discourse. In fact, it will be even clearer when described in more detail and thoroughness.

 

TEKS BERSIH

 

Discourse is the language of individuals or groups in the form of utterances, interactions, texts and writings. Discourse is the whole birth of language by the speaker or writer. Which are the language system and elements outside of the language system that contribute towards making the speech or writing as something meaningful in communication (Asmah Haji Omar, 1986). Discourse is defined as a unit of language that has politeness of mind and exceeds the sentence limits. In the language hierarchy, discourse is the highest level, i.e. present after the sentence level. Discourse contains a system of communication between two or more people. In addition, discourse can also define through writing and reading from a person However, discourse should contain a meaningful sentence as well as contain situations associated with the sentence. Thus, discourse can be well understood by one. Discourse is the whole speech of a union, utterance, speech and conversation. In addition, discourse is also seen from the aspect of writing that written by the author through books, magazines, newspapers, and all forms of writing. In the form of verbal discussion or exchange of ideas, discourse can be better identified. An individual holds discussion in the form of knowledge, experience, storytelling and so on. Unity of mind whether in oral form such as speeches, sermons, debates, lectures, conversations and so on or writings such as letters, articles, novels, short stories, poems and others can be seen and understood better through knowledge of theory and reading of literary works. Hawthorn (1992) proposed the definition of discourse as linguistic communication seen as a linguistic communication an exchange between speaker and listener taking into account the topic of discussion and the environment. The definition of discourse can be seen through a various aspect. Which are through the sociological aspect, discourse refers to the relationship of social context in the use of language while in terms of linguistics, discourse is a unit of language that is larger than a sentence. Fowler (1991) says that discourse is oral and written communication. It can be seen from the point of view of opinions, beliefs, moral values and categories found in it. Brown & Yule (1983) insisted that discourse can be seen through oral and writing for the purpose of a better understanding. Stubbs (1983) also agrees with Brown & Yule (1983) and states that linguistic aspects should be applied for the purpose of discourse analysis.

 

Here are some definitions of discourse:

 

Source	Discourse definition
Edmonson (1981)	Discourse is a structured event that is manifested in the linguistic behavior of language or otherwise.
Dewan Dictionary (Fourth Edition)	Discourse is the whole of speech which is a union, speech, conversation and discussion or the exchange of ideas orally, it is also a whole union of thought either in oral or written form.
Asmah Haji Omar (1986)	Discourse is the mother birth of language by the speaker or writer, which is the language system and other elements of the language system that contribute towards making the speech or writing as something meaningful in communication
Raminah Hj. Sabran & Rahim Syam (1985)	Discourse is a unit of language that exceeds the sentence limit that can consist of sentences, a number of sentences, chains, chapters, books, stories, dialogues and so on which in it show the relationship and development of consecutive thoughts. In other words, discourse is a complete unit of language.
Normaliza Abd Rahim (2014)	Discourse is the language that was born by the speaker or writer. The spoken or written language contains meaning and it is understandable by the listener or reader.
Stubbs (1983)	Discourse can be seen through the system of speech and writing; it has meaning and it is understandable by listeners and readers.
Brown & Yule (1983)	Discourse can be seen through oral and written that has been analyze for the purpose of better understanding.
Halliday & Hassan (1985)	Discourse consists of any sentence whether oral or written (regardless of length or short) that has an overall meaning.
Nomaliza Abd Rahim (2018b)	Discourse includes utterances, interactions, writings and texts analyzed for the purpose of finding meaning of implicit and explicit words. Discourse also covers the language of symbols, gestures and anything that gives meaning to all parties involved.

 

SUMMARY

The definition of discourse can be clearly understood by referring to discourse in the form of text, writing, utterances and interactions. It is desirable that each discourse be focused and analyzed carefully so that the analysis can be clearly understood. The understanding of the discourse can be seen as easier things to someone when they understand the purpose of each discourse. In fact, it will be even clearer when described in more detail and thoroughness.

 

Rujukan: Normaliza Abd Rahim. (2019). Kajian wacana dan strategi komunikasi Teori dan aplikasi. Terengganu: Penerbit Universiti Malaysia Terengganu. 

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